Memorandum submitted by the TUC (GJS16)

The TUC welcomes the Committee's decision to enquire into the key question set out in its brief: How the UK can maximise the environmentally positive opportunities arising in changes from public spending intended to help tackle the recession?

The TUC's very first concern is to ensure a green economic transformation that involves a just transition to a low carbon future. We agree with a forecast of the impact of climate change policies undertaken by the ETUC for the EU: "Climate change represents an unprecedented challenge for employment policies and for the social partners: the anticipated job gains and losses are sizeable, and no sector can afford to ignore the consequences of climate change". Jobs gained and displaced will vary between sectors, and over time and place.

We have therefore supported a proposal from the International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC) for a "just transition" framework within the UN's climate change agreement in Copenhagen, a concept which the UN has now drafted into its negotiating text[i] for Copenhagen: An economic transition is needed that shifts global economic growth patterns towards a low emission economy based on more sustainable production and consumption, promoting sustainable lifestyles and climate-resilient development while ensuring a just transition of the workforce. The active participation of all stakeholders in this transition should be sought, be they governmental, private business or civil society, including the youth and addressing the need for gender equity.

Commitment to a fair and just transition is therefore essential, involving three pillars: investment in green jobs and new low carbon technology; a green skills and training strategy; and stakeholder consultation between government, employers and trade unions.

Key points

· The centrepiece of the economic recovery package must be a major programme of public works.

· Only a full scale turbine industry will meet our ambitious green jobs targets.

· Government to move quickly to introduce the Feed-In Tariff, including both heat and power.

· It is essential to maintain the momentum of the nuclear new build programme, with significant supply chain and local employment opportunities; however, there are still major concerns over skill shortages.

· The TUC welcomes the shift to a regionally-based CCS investment strategy, and urges Government to expedite its CCS consultation.

· One of the fastest and most cost-efficient ways to combine economic stimulus with green initiatives is a major programme of home insulation.

· At a time of severe economic downturn, the Government must ensure that Network Rail does not exacerbate unemployment by deferring renewal programmes.

· An active skills strategy is urgently needed to accompany the new Industrial Activism. Government therefore needs to set out an active skills strategy for the green economy, covering both green technical skills (including level 3 and above) and influencing/behavioural change skills.

· Few SSCs appear to have really taken this issue to heart.

· For public policy on climate change to be effective, efficient and inclusive, the Just Transition model provides an approach which the UK should now adopt.

1. INVESTMENT IN GREEN JOBS AND LOW CARBON TECHNOLOGY

The TUC argued in its Budget submission 2009[ii] that the centrepiece of the economic recovery package must be a major programme of public works. Only such a programme can address the triple challenge of declining demand, rising unemployment and looming climate change. The projects implemented as part of this programme must be labour intensive (to ensure they maximise impact on unemployment) and they must focus on turning the UK into one of the most advanced and industrially diverse low carbon economies in the world. The programme must also address the severe shortage of decent public housing in the UK by undertaking an ambitious house building drive.

The economic rationale for supporting such an approach is clear. Investing in infrastructure is likely to be significantly more effective in generating short term growth than alternative approaches to fiscal stimulus: IMF data[iii] indicates that the economic multiplier effect of spending on infrastructure is three times that of spending on tax cuts.

Investment in low carbon technologies and energy efficiency measures will help to protect the economy against future rises in oil prices. Work by E3G suggests that the net costs of investing in this type of programme become cheaper as oil prices rise; indeed, the net costs would be zero when prices reach $90-$120 per barrel. Given that the International Energy Agency estimates average oil prices of $100 per barrel from 2010, the global economic benefits of investment in energy and climate security are clear.

The first report of the Committee on Climate Change, Building a low carbon economy, shows where the industrial priorities for climate policy lie, in a core set of low carbon technologies needed to reach the UK's climate change targets to 2020 and 2050

· Decarbonise the electricity supply sector - renewable energy (wind generation; solar power; tidal range technologies; biomass power); nuclear power; and CCS technology.

· Energy efficiency measures at home and at work, both through changes in behaviour and investment in new technologies.

· Transport emissions reduced through new technologies - increasing the carbon efficiency of existing vehicles; electric cars combined with the decarbonisation of electricity generation; hydrogen fuel cells; and biofuels, subject to sustainability criteria.

These core technologies provide the basis of a massive investment and industrial opportunity. Hence, they were the main focus of the TUC's stimulus package[iv], where we called on Government to support a £16.8 billion green public works programme including:

· a commitment to green manufacturing and renewable energy;

· a green rail stimulus - to offset the unfathomable decision of Network Rail to cut hundreds of jobs from and schemes from its renewables programme in 2008/2009;

· progress on making the UK a leader in low carbon vehicles;

· support for carbon capture and storage, including regional networks;

· action on home insulation and fuel poverty, along with retrofitting houses to adapt to climate change; and

· major house building programme.

Many of these initiatives are job-rich - homes insulation, investment in renewable -either directly or with generous multiplier effects in their supply chains, and bring many reskilling opportunities.

The Government's stimulus package

In the event, the Chancellor announced a £1.3 billion green package on Budget Day, supported by other investments worth up to £7.8 billion. Also, the £1.1bn Future Jobs Fund[v] aims to create 150,000 jobs for long term unemployed young people, of which around 10,000 will be "green jobs".

Budget 2009 promised a job-rich £435m of extra support to deliver energy efficiency measures - for homes, businesses and public buildings:

· £375 million to support energy and resource efficiency in businesses, public buildings households over the next two years; and

· £70 million for decentralised small-scale community low-carbon energy.

To decarbonise our energy supply, in our Budget submission we called for 'immediate financial support for large scale renewables - such as the London Array, known to be facing difficulties'. We therefore welcomed improvements to the Renewables Obligation: £525m of new financial support over the next two years for off-shore wind, increasing subsidy levels for offshore wind.

Other measures include:

· £4bn of new capital signalled from the European Investment Bank.

· Encouraging Combined Heat and Power technology by exempt those projects from the Climate Change Levy from 2013 - bringing forward over £2.5 billion in investment.

· £405m of new funding for to encourage low carbon energy and advanced green manufacturing in Britain - to drive the application of new technology and invest in small scale projects.

UK wind industry

The UK's wind industry, critical to meeting our 2020 renewable energy target, faces turbulent times. In May 2009:

· the London Array responded to the Government's Budget decision to increase financial support for offshore wind projects by announcing the project would go ahead (gain of some 350 jobs); but

· on the Isle of Wight, Vestas announced the likely closure of its onshore wind turbine manufacturing facility, the only one of its kind in England (loss of 600 jobs), citing uncertainty in government policy.

To meet our renewables targets, we are likely to see a ten-fold increase in jobs in this sector as a whole, from around 16,000 positions now to 133,000 to design, manufacture, install and operate these new technologies[vi]. In the period to 2020, both on- and offshore wind farms are likely to generate over 80% of the 38.5 GW of installed renewable electricity capacity. Up to 36,000 direct new UK jobs could be created in the wind energy sector[vii]. The wind industry is one of the highest-growth industries in Europe - an average rate of +12% over the last 5 years.

What do we need to do to secure a full-scale wind industry in the UK? Elsewhere in Europe, high level Government support has meant that Germany, Spain and Denmark have gained most from that growth, with 70% of the EU's installed capacity. Moreover, due to significant exporting from Germany and Denmark, these three countries account for more than 90% of the EU's wind-sector employees.

Bain & Co., 2008.

What lessons can we learn from these EU partners?

Bain's analysis points to four common factors critical to the rapid growth of their wind industries:

· Financial and regulatory support schemes to reduce commercial uncertainty - notably a feed-in tariff.

· rapid building of new infrastructure, especially grid access, to accommodate the wind industry.

· a swift process for gaining planning consent.

· support for wind energy in local communities - with opportunities for participation in ownership of wind farms, or through tax revenues paid to local authorities for tangible benefits to the community

An IPPR study[viii], perhaps the most comprehensive review of EU polices that have delivered success to our competitors, highlights a number of critical success factors.

· Financial and tax incentives. The Government's decision to increase the ROC entitlement for offshore wind projects was welcome. But other forms of investment support are clearly needed to develop our wind sector: investment support, including subsidies for capital investment and training; low cost premises; underwriting loans; work with financial institutions (both domestically and through the EIB) to encourage lending to this sector; and R&D subsidies.

· Assisting supply chain development through local sourcing requirements. Spain has been explicit in its determination to grow a local wind industry. The policy has encouraged inward investment. Local content requirements have been applied by Spanish regional governments and essentially requite the local manufacture and assembly of turbines before wind farm concessions are granted. The result has been the growth of Spanish companies, like Gamesa, supported by a production tax credit only available for turbines meeting local content requirements[ix].

· Skills for a low carbon economy. Government should commission a skills gap analysis for delivering its 2020 targets - an issue we return to later in this paper.

Government needs to decide which of the three manufacturing models the UK is trying to establish:

· full scale turbine manufacture - building on policies developed successfully in Spain and elsewhere;

· component manufacture; or

· a smaller assembly and installation sector?

The EWEA estimates that 59% of workforce directly employed in Europe's wind sector either work for component or turbine manufacturers. UK's nascent wind industry, now tasked with a sevenfold capacity increase by 2020, is effectively a test bed for an active industry/active skills strategy. Clearly, only a full scale turbine industry will meet our ambitious green jobs targets.

Accelerating the UK's feed-in tariff

The government committed, in the Energy Act 2008, to introduce a renewable electricity tariff by April 2010 and a heat tariff by 2011. The approach was pioneered in Germany, which has over 100 times the solar power of the UK and 10 times the wind energy.

Budget 2009 announced £405 million to support the development of a world-leading low-carbon energy and advanced green manufacturing sector in the UK (£250 million through BERR and £155 million through DECC: Budget 2009, para. 7.28). And £4bn was identified to help with project finance under the EU Investment Bank. The TUC, along with a wide range of other bodies, is urging Government to move quickly to introduce the FIT, to help industry take advantage of this new funding. The Renewable Energy Association estimates the FIT will make a major contribution to UK CO2 cuts, and 100,0000 local jobs by 2020.

There are several key issues for the TUC:

· £405m in Budget 2009 is divided into £250m for SFI money and £155m ETF money. How much of this 'low carbon' allocation is renewables? What is it actually for? How much is available for micro-renewables?

· Can the Heat Tariff be introduced by April 2010? Renewable heat has been overlooked for far too long, with the UK at the foot of the European league. A lack of clarity is 'stopping projects in their tracks'.

· An investment strategy is needed for the £4bn identified in Budget 2009 - the renewables industry is desperate for this funding. When and how will it be released?

Nuclear new build

The nuclear new build programme is likely to involve at least four new power stations in the UK, generating low-carbon electricity by around 2018-2020. We need to ensure UK manufacturing and service companies will be suppliers of choice to the major nuclear OEMs, by supplying major key components, smaller sub-components, parts, maintenance, servicing and decommissioning.

It is essential to maintain the momentum of the programme, with nuclear involving among the longest lead-in times of any of the elements of the UK's new, low carbon energy mix. There are significant local employment opportunities in building new stations, and also in the manufacturing supply chain.

However, there are still major concerns over skill shortages at a time of strong demand for appropriately skilled staff. So the Government has to ensure that we have the right education and training provision, including local facilities for existing staff to retrain / reskill.

· The DIUS Select Committee Fourth Report (March 2009), Engineering: turning ideas into reality, found very real skills shortages in the nuclear industry:

· Generic Design Assessment and licensing of the nuclear technologies that creates the most immediate demand.

· Shortages of HSE inspectors, safety case specialists, and project managers with nuclear experience.

· Ageing employee base.

The timetable for getting new nuclear power stations up and running in ten years time was felt to be tight but achievable. But the Committee was not convinced that the skills shortage in nuclear engineering could be bridged easily: the Generic Design Assessment process, which kick-starts the whole process, was already running more slowly than expected, and the remaining workforce was ageing. Government should continue its investment in engineering and nuclear engineering skills and produce a clear skills plan by the end of 2009 to ensure its nuclear new build ambitions can be met.

Overall, the lack of a clear and detailed plan for delivering the next generation of nuclear power stations was of concern. There should be a master roadmap for all major engineering projects, including nuclear new build. The Office for Nuclear Development should take ownership of the roadmap for nuclear.

Clean coal with CCS

The Government has proposed up to four CCS cluster projects, to be funded by a levy mechanism to accelerate the delivery of this vital technology. He said, "We will encourage clusters of CCS infrastructure and expertise, renewing the value of our offshore industries as fossil fuel production declines and focusing on key regions such as Yorkshire and the Humber, the Thames Estuary, the Firth of Forth and Tyne/Tees, bringing major employment and regeneration benefits."

The plan is to kick-start each regional cluster with a clean coal demonstration project. But CCS networks aren't just for coal-fired power generation, though we recognise its need there, but for gas-fired power stations, as well as the much wider range of heavy CO2 emitters. Across our energy-intensive industries, this includes CCS technologies needed for aluminium, cement, ceramics, steel, etc.

We have consistently argued that commitments to retrofit CCS to new power plant is an essential condition for consenting new installations, so that we don't develop unabated coal stations. The National Grid has recently stepped up its support for CCS network, bringing its expertise and capacity to bear on developing CCS deployment at scale. Its preliminary assessment of Miliband's four CCS clusters suggests they could capture 127 million tonnes of CO2 annually (15% of UK emissions). How soon depends heavily on the scale of Government ambition.

Work undertaken by the Yorkshire Forward CCS Partnership is perhaps at the most advanced stage. This is a consortium led by the RDA, of energy, coal, steel, chemical and other business interests, as well as the TUC and our affiliates in the mining and power sectors in the region.

The YF project illustrates the CO2 and employment potential of CCS clusters. The Aire Valley region emits 80 million tonnes of CO2 a year, two-thirds from a cluster of 13 large emitters (coal, steel and chemical plants mainly). Together they provide employment (direct and indirect) for around 10,000 mainly high quality, skilled and semi-skilled workers organised mainly within Unite, Prospect, GMB, Community and Unison. It is the largest CO2 cluster in Europe. The Yorkshire CCS project aims to build a new high-pressure pipeline round the valley to pick up liquefied CO2 from these sites and transport it to storage in depleted North Sea gas reservoirs. It could start transporting CO2 out of the region as early as 2013. By 2030, the system is capable of capturing 60 million tonnes of CO2 annually for storage under North Sea - 10% the current UK total, and a much higher proportion of our reducing emissions by 2030.

The construction phase of the project produces £1.8 billion in value added and

55,000 jobs in the region. The operations phase produces £126 million in value added and supports 2,400 jobs a year. The whole network would cost £2 billion, or as little as £1.70 per tonne CO2. The YF project will therefore help retain the region's energy intensive industries, as they have a place to store their CO2, and indeed, to attract inward A

The TUC welcomes this shift to a regionally-based CCS investment strategy, and urges Government to expedite its CCS consultation.

Home insulation and fuel poverty

One of the fastest and most cost-efficient ways to combine economic stimulus with green initiatives is a major programme of home insulation. As Stern and colleagues argue[x], energy efficiency measures for buildings and industry are among the most effective ways to combine environmental outcomes with a fast economic stimulus. The report rates these measures highly given that they are quick to implement, time-limited and offer long-term social and environmental impacts and immediate job creation opportunities.

Research indicates that every £1m invested in energy efficiency creates between 8 and 14 person years of direct employment[xi], and a further 9 to 40 person years indirect employment - including the benefit of income released from lower fuel bills.

Estimates in Building A Low-Carbon Economy reveal that millions of homes require "weatherisation" treatment through measures such as improved insulation (loft and cavity wall) and improved boiler efficiency. Significant annual savings are achievable. Furthermore, major employment and skills opportunities are at stake in meeting this challenge.

However, the Carbon Emission Reduction Target should be reformed to allow a council-led area based national insulation programme, providing basic insulation to the 10 million homes that do not have these measures installed. The cost of the programme is estimated at £5bn[xii] - rolling it out at £500m a year would create an additional 20,000 jobs.

Furthermore, seven million homes require solid wall insulation. A modest national energy loan fund reaching £1bn over seven years, providing for interest free loans to householders, repayable when the home is sold, would enable 300,000 householders to install solid wall insulation. This would create another 5,000 jobs a year.

A local government-led, area based approach has many advantages:

· accountability and quality control;

· scale economies driving down costs to provide a much needed boost to semi-skilled employment;

· transparency and readily available evidence of employment creation;

· decent jobs; and

· alleviate fuel poverty and reduce household energy bills.

Kirklees Council's Warm Zone, a partnership with Eaga, has created 80 full-time jobs and saved approximately £1m a year on household energy bills. The overall economic benefit to the area is calculated at over £50m.

Retrofitting housing to adapt to climate change

Opportunities also exist in responding to the need for investment in retrofitting existing housing stock to make it more resilient to the impacts of climate change already in the system. Whilst this makes efforts to reduce future emissions all the more urgent, at the same time it means that we must adapt to hotter, drier summers; milder, wetter winters; and more extreme events such as storms and floods in the UK.

Insulation programmes as set out above have a double benefit, helping to keep homes warm in the winter and reduce energy use on heating, but also helping to regulate temperatures throughout the year, keeping homes cool in the summer months and reducing the need for energy intensive and expensive air conditioning.

But adaptation brings other challenges, particularly dealing with the risks of subsidence or of flooding, and much of the UK housing stock is not well-adapted, as the devastating consequences of the 2007 floods demonstrated.

The Government has announced a new £5m grant scheme to encourage householders to install flood resistance and resilience measures, in response to the Pitt Review of the 2007 floods. A first round of bids from local authorities is being sought in 2009. Given the urgency of the problem and the short timescales involved, this is an opportunity to provide jobs to workers in construction and maintenance, and for these workers to enhance their skills and future employment prospects by working on adaptation projects which will be useful in the future.

Green rail stimulus package

The Government has committed to a long-term goal of doubling the level of demand rail can accommodate[xiii], acknowledging that rail's potential to provide a safer and lower-CO2 alternative to car and lorry is much greater than seemed possible even ten years ago.

Yet contrary to this policy, the TUC pointed out in its Budget submission that up to 700 of Network Rail's track and signal maintenance jobs are at risk, with NR implementing "huge reductions" in track renewals. NR acknowledges that these cuts will have a "major impact" on supply chain companies, from steel to quarrying. The underlying reason is NR's need to address the 13% "efficiency savings" over the period 2009-2014 called for by Office of Rail Regulation (ORR) in 2008. But the

immediate reason lies in NR's business plan and management response, which is frontloading staff cuts - at a time of recession. At a time of severe economic downturn, the Government must ensure that Network Rail does not defer renewal programmes, but rather, increases them. Government should find replacement funding for the ORR settlement, to help secure direct and supply chain employment in the rail sector.

2. GREEN SKILLS

An active skills strategy is urgently needed to accompany the new Industrial Activism. The current level of skills training capacity is inadequate to meet the needs of a low carbon, resource-efficient economy. Furthermore, relying on the market to identify skills gaps is causing delays in moving towards a green economy. Low carbon skills need to be integrated into the whole skills delivery system. Cross-government co-ordination, led at Ministerial level, is crucial to deliver skills for the low carbon economy.

Much more should be done to promote retraining and reskilling at work. In a new TUC greenworkplaces survey (which drew 1,300 replies from workplace reps), more than half of respondents (57%) commented that their employer had not introduced opportunities to reskilling and upskilling in relation to climate change, while 7% reporting that opportunities had become available.

We acknowledge that Government is taking action to address this issue:

· DIUS has responded constructively, if more slowly than the TUC would like, to the Defra report on Skills for a Low Carbon, Resource-efficient Economy.

· DIUS has established an interdepartmental, High Level Skills Group (TUC represented).

· The DIUS Select Committee Fourth Report (March 2009) - Engineering: turning ideas into reality - found very real skills shortages across a range of engineering sectors.

· New Industry, New Jobs flags up two forthcoming policy reviews:

o a new Higher Education Framework on how higher education in England will take a more active approach to building British competitive strengths through higher skills levels, research and knowledge transfer; and

o an "active skills" paper this autumn, detailing how the skills system as a whole will support these developing policies.

High Level Skills Group is currently focussed on identifying and replicating what leading employers (Toyota, Arriva, Babcock's) are doing to develop green skills.

For the TUC, there are both specific green skills - carbon measurement and accounting; understanding and applying low carbon technology; robotting machinery - and influencing and persuasion skills (as with the TUC environmental reps).

Leading employers have said that they had grown their own skills internally (an approach adopted by the TUC with its green workplace projects). They had not turned to the SSCs or Universities. But a number are now at the stage where, having done this, they need to scale up dramatically. Practical examples include Arriva training bus drivers in eco-driving; plumbers trained to work at heights on scaffolding to install solar PV. These changes also involve softer, persuasion skills.

A conclusion for TUC, therefore, is that culture and behavioural change skills are just as important as technical skills. The Stern Review identified three key policies to tackle climate change:

· carbon pricing;

· investment in new technology; and

· "The removal of barriers to behavioural change is the third essential element, one that is particularly important in encouraging the take-up of opportunities for energy efficiency", (Stern Review, page 20).

Support for technical skills development is essential - especially at level 3 and above, which includes engineering and science skills. Despite the High Level Group's optimism, employers do not 'grow their own' engineers and scientists. It is important that there is sufficient, high quality HE provision to ensure supply of new entrants. Equally it is important (as the DIUS Committee report commented) that there are attractive and competitively remunerated career prospects. This applies both to the industry and within Government.

Meanwhile, the DIUS Select Committee report commented that the recent economic crisis has presented the Government with a "once-in-a-generation opportunity to restructure the economy by building on the existing substantial strengths of UK engineering." Key points from its report include:

· Diversity is a major problem in engineering. Only 2% of engineering apprentices are female and only 4% are black or an ethnic minority (BME). The Committee supported the Government's efforts to promote diversity in engineering - STEMNET, the Science and Engineering Ambassadors programme, WISE, the Computer Club for Girls, and the work of the Royal Academy of Engineering and the Engineering Development Trust.

· Lack of evidence on the factors that affect the career choices of women and other under-represented groups. DIUS to commission research to examine these factors; evidence should then be used as a platform from which to develop and target widening participation initiatives.

· Need for better trans-departmental management of engineering policy. Government to formulate roadmaps for each major engineering programme, including skills provision, with co-ordination between each of them.

· Government to be more strategic in its support for emerging industries and policy areas.

· Government to task senior officials to oversee engineering roadmaps and strategic plans.

· Appoint a Government Chief Scientific and Engineering Adviser and a Government Chief Engineer.

For the TUC, the Government therefore needs to set out an active skills strategy for the green economy, covering both green technical skills (including level 3 and above) and influencing/behavioural change skills. Few SSCs appear to have really taken this issue to heart. And there have been tensions between energy companies and Ofgem in ensuring sufficient funding for skills training and apprenticeships. If this is a reflection of narrowness of Ofgem's remit, or in the way the regulators has taken to interpreting its remit, then action needs to be taken to address this issue.

3. A Just Transition

Unions recognise that the transition to a low carbon economy is necessary to tackle climate change. However, unions also know a grand social and economic transformation will only be fair under certain conditions. The ITUC has proposed a "just transition" framework to feature in the new global change agreement in Copenhagen, which we support.

Although the transformation is expected to bring new investment, jobs and skills, there will also be 'job crush' in some sectors. The idea that the market alone will ensure social justice in the transition to a low carbon economy is a vain hope.

Therefore, Just Transition principles include:

· institutionalized formal consultation arrangements with relevant stakeholders including trade unions, business and communities, at regional, national and sectoral levels;

· promotion of green employment opportunities and investment in low carbon technologies, and in the educational qualifications related to them;

· education, training, retraining, and life-long learning programmes for a low carbon, resource efficient economy; and

· economic and employment diversification policies.

If the government wants public policy on climate change to be effective, efficient and inclusive, then Just Transition provides a model approach which the UK should now adopt.

1 June 2009

[i] AWG-LCA Negotiating text: unfccc.int/2860.php

[ii] Trades Union Congress A Budget for jobs and green growth

[iii] IMF, 2009, staff note to Group of 20 Deputies meeting January 31-February 1 2009

[iv] A Budget for jobs and green growth, TUC 2009.

[v] Guide to the Future Jobs Fund: www.dwp.gov.uk/

[vi] Supply Chain Constraints on the Deployment of Renewable Electricity Technologies Douglas Westwood, 2008.

[vii] Employment opportunities and challenges in the context of rapid industry growth, Bain and Company, 2008.

[viii] Green jobs: Prospects for creating jobs from offshore wind in the UK, Jenny Bird, IPPR, 2009.

[ix] Fostering a renewable energy technology industry, Lewis and Wiser, 2005.

[x] Bowen, Fankhauser, Stern and Zenghelis; February 2009. An Outline of the Case for a 'Green' Stimulus, Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment / Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy.

[xi] The case for energy efficiency investment in the fiscal stimulus package, Impetus Consulting, February 2009.

[xii] Creating Green Jobs, Developing Local Low Carbon Economies, LGA, 2009.

[xiii] Towards a Sustainable Transport System: Supporting Economic Growth in a Low Carbon World, DfT, October 2007